Which of the following techniques is primarily used to create depth in an artwork?

The technique that is primarily used to create depth in an artwork is chiaroscuro. Chiaroscuro refers to the use of strong contrasts between light and dark areas to model three-dimensional forms in painting and drawing. By manipulating light and shadow, artists can create the illusion of volume and depth on a flat surface. This technique helps to define shapes and can guide the viewer's eye through the piece, enhancing the perception of spatial relationships within the artwork.

While monochromatic color schemes, analogous colors, and sfumato can all play roles in creating visual interest and mood, they do not specifically focus on the manipulation of light and shadow to convey depth. Monochromatic schemes stick to variations of a single hue and can create a sense of unity, whereas analogous colors use similar colors to create harmony. Sfumato, which involves the soft blending of colors and tones, helps create a smoky or hazy atmosphere, but it is less direct in establishing dramatic depth compared to chiaroscuro.